📘 Active & Passive Voice – Full Grammar Notes (English → Hindi)
1. What is Voice? (Voice क्या है?)
Voice shows whether the subject performs the action or receives the action.
✔ Active Voice → Subject does the action.
✔ Passive Voice → Subject receives the action.
Examples:
Active: Ram eats mango.
Passive: Mango is eaten by Ram.
2. Difference Between Active & Passive
Active Voice:
Subject + Verb + Object
Example: The teacher teaches students.
Passive Voice:
Object + Helping Verb + V3 + by + Subject
Example: Students are taught by the teacher.
Hindi Meaning:
Active → करने वाला स्पष्ट
Passive → जिस पर कार्य हुआ स्पष्ट
3. When Do We Use Passive Voice?
✔ When the doer (subject) is unknown:
- My purse was stolen.
✔ When the action is more important than the subject:
- A road is being built.
✔ To sound formal or polite:
- You are requested to sit.
4. Basic Rules to Change Active → Passive
✔ Object becomes subject
✔ Use helping verb (is/am/are/was/were/be/been/being)
✔ Main verb changes to V3
✔ "by" is used before subject
Formula:
Active: S + V + O
Passive: O + HV + V3 + by + S
Example:
Active: He helps me.
Passive: I am helped by him.
5. Active–Passive Voice Rules for Tenses
Present Indefinite:
S + V1 + O → O + is/am/are + V3 + by S
Example: She writes a letter.
→ A letter is written by her.
Present Continuous:
is/am/are + V1+ing → is/am/are + being + V3
Example: He is reading a book.
→ A book is being read by him.
Present Perfect:
has/have + V3 → has/have + been + V3
Example: They have completed the work.
→ The work has been completed by them.
6. Past & Future Tense Rules
Past Indefinite:
V2 → was/were + V3
Example: She bought a pen.
→ A pen was bought by her.
Past Continuous:
was/were + V1+ing → was/were + being + V3
Example: He was singing a song.
→ A song was being sung by him.
Past Perfect:
had + V3 → had been + V3
Example: They had done the work.
→ The work had been done by them.
Future Indefinite:
will/shall + V1 → will/shall be + V3
Example: She will clean the room.
→ The room will be cleaned by her.
7. Important Notes (महत्वपूर्ण बातें)
✔ Only transitive verbs (with object) can change to passive.
✔ Intransitive verbs (sleep, die, arrive) cannot change.
✔ Passive Voice is NOT used in:
✘ Present Perfect Continuous
✘ Past Perfect Continuous
✘ Future Continuous
(These tenses have no passive form)
✔ Pronoun changes:
I → me
he → him
she → her
they → them
we → us
8. Common Mistakes (आम गलतियाँ)
❌ A letter wrote by him.
✔ A letter was written by him.
❌ The work is complete by him.
✔ The work is completed by him.
❌ He was laughed me.
✔ I was laughed at by him.
Note: कुछ verbs के साथ preposition जरूरी है।
laugh at, look after, listen to, agree with