Lesson 5 of 5 – Functions & Formulas
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Excel Functions & Formulas

A formula is an expression that performs calculations on data in Excel. Functions are ready-made formulas that help us do calculations quickly and accurately.

Formula rule: Every formula starts with the equal sign (=). Example: =A1+B1

What is a Formula?

A formula is an expression used to perform calculations in Excel. It can use numbers, cell references, operators, and functions.

What is a Function?

A function is a built-in formula in Excel. It helps perform common tasks like adding numbers, finding average, counting cells, and searching data.

Important Functions

SUM()

Adds numbers together.

Example: =SUM(A1:A5)

AVERAGE()

Calculates the average of numbers.

Example: =AVERAGE(A1:A5)

MIN()

Finds the smallest value in a range.

Example: =MIN(A1:A5)

MAX()

Finds the largest value in a range.

Example: =MAX(A1:A5)

COUNT()

Counts the number of cells containing numeric values.

Example: =COUNT(A1:A5)

MOD()

Returns the remainder after division.

Example: =MOD(10,3)

POWER()

Returns a number raised to the power of another number.

Example: =POWER(2,3)

LEN()

Counts the number of characters in text.

Example: =LEN("Excel")

CONCATENATE()

Joins two or more text strings together.

Example: =CONCATENATE("Hello"," ","World")

UPPER / LOWER / PROPER
  • UPPER: Converts text to capital letters.
  • LOWER: Converts text to small letters.
  • PROPER: Capitalizes the first letter of each word.
NOW()

Shows the current date and time.

TODAY()

Shows the current date only.

VLOOKUP()

Searches vertically in a table and returns matching data from another column.

HLOOKUP()

Searches horizontally in a table and returns matching data from another row.

IF()

Performs a logical test and gives different results based on the condition.

Example: =IF(A1>50,"Pass","Fail")

COUNTIF()

Counts cells that meet a specific condition.

SUMIF()

Adds values that meet a specific condition.

RANK()

Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers.

💡 Remember
Functions and formulas are very useful in Excel for calculation, analysis, reporting, and data management.

🧠 Final Quiz

Which function is used to add numbers?