English Grammar and Spoken English Tutorial
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
A dependent clause often begins with a subordinating conjunction or a relative word such as because, although, when, if, who, or which.
It expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.
It does not normally express a complete thought by itself.
| Connector | Use | Example | Hindi meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| because | Reason | I stayed home because I was ill. | मैं घर पर रहा क्योंकि मैं बीमार था। |
| although | Contrast | Although it was cold, we went outside. | हालाँकि ठंड थी, फिर भी हम बाहर गए। |
| since | Reason or time | Since you are here, let's begin. | चूँकि तुम यहाँ हो, चलो शुरू करते हैं। |
| even though | Strong contrast | Even though he was tired, he continued working. | थका होने के बावजूद, वह काम करता रहा। |
| while | Two actions at the same time or contrast | While I cooked, my sister set the table. | जब मैं खाना बना रहा था, मेरी बहन ने मेज़ लगाई। |
Time clauses tell us when something happens. Common connectors include when, before, after, until, as soon as, and while.
| Sentence | Hindi meaning |
|---|---|
| When I reached the station, the train had left. | जब मैं स्टेशन पहुँचा, ट्रेन जा चुकी थी। |
| Please wash your hands before you eat. | खाने से पहले अपने हाथ धो लें। |
| After she finished her work, she went home. | काम पूरा करने के बाद वह घर चली गई। |
| Wait here until I return. | जब तक मैं वापस न आऊँ, यहाँ इंतज़ार करो। |
| As soon as the bell rings, the students will leave. | घंटी बजते ही विद्यार्थी चले जाएँगे। |
Conditional clauses describe a condition and its result.
Unless usually means “if not.”
A relative clause describes a noun. It often begins with who, whom, whose, which, that, where, or when.
| Sentence | Relative clause | Hindi meaning |
|---|---|---|
| The woman who teaches us is very kind. | who teaches us | जो महिला हमें पढ़ाती हैं, वह बहुत दयालु हैं। |
| I bought the book that you recommended. | that you recommended | मैंने वह किताब खरीदी जिसकी तुमने सलाह दी थी। |
| This is the town where my father was born. | where my father was born | यह वह शहर है जहाँ मेरे पिता का जन्म हुआ था। |
| The student whose bag was lost informed the teacher. | whose bag was lost | जिस विद्यार्थी का बैग खो गया था, उसने शिक्षक को बताया। |
When the dependent clause comes first, a comma is usually used after it. When the main clause comes first, a comma is often unnecessary.
| Dependent clause first | Main clause first |
|---|---|
| Because I was tired, I went to bed early. | I went to bed early because I was tired. |
| Although it was raining, we went out. | We went out although it was raining. |
| If you need help, call me. | Call me if you need help. |
| No. | English sentence | Hindi meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I will call you when I reach home. | जब मैं घर पहुँचूँगा, तो तुम्हें फोन करूँगा। |
| 2 | Although he is young, he is very responsible. | हालाँकि वह युवा है, फिर भी बहुत ज़िम्मेदार है। |
| 3 | She smiled because she was happy. | वह मुस्कुराई क्योंकि वह खुश थी। |
| 4 | If you need anything, please tell me. | अगर तुम्हें किसी चीज़ की ज़रूरत हो, तो मुझे बताना। |
| 5 | We waited until the rain stopped. | हमने बारिश रुकने तक इंतज़ार किया। |
| 6 | The man who lives next door is a doctor. | जो आदमी बगल में रहता है, वह डॉक्टर है। |
| 7 | Since I was busy, I could not attend the meeting. | क्योंकि मैं व्यस्त था, इसलिए मीटिंग में शामिल नहीं हो सका। |
| 8 | Before you make a decision, think carefully. | फैसला करने से पहले अच्छी तरह सोचो। |
| Incorrect | Correct | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| Because I was ill. (as a complete sentence) | Because I was ill, I stayed home. | Add a main clause. |
| Although it was late, | Although it was late, we continued. | Do not normally use although and but together. |
| When he | When he comes, I will tell him. | Use present simple in a future time clause. |
| If you study, | If you study, you will pass. | Then can be used for emphasis, but it is usually unnecessary. |
Choose the correct answer for each question.